Textured Text Effect In Photoshop. Written by Steve Patterson. In this Photoshop tutorial, we'll look at how to create an interesting effect by adding a texture to text. Creating the effect requires nothing more than a photo to use as the texture, a layer mask, a simple image adjustment, and of course, some text! The effect works best when you use a texture that has something to do with the topic of your text, but of course, the final result is up to you. Here's an example of the effect we'll be working towards: The final textured text effect. Let's get started! Get all of our tutorials as print- ready PDFs! Step 1: Create A New Document. The first thing we need is a new document to work in. Go up to the File menu at the top of the screen and choose New, or press the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+N (Win) / Command+N (Mac). Either way brings up Photoshop's New Document dialog box. Choose the size you need for your document. For this tutorial, I'll create a document 8. I'm not planning on printing this, I'll leave the resolution set to 7. Click OK when you're done to exit out of the dialog box. The new document will appear on your screen: The New Document dialog box in Photoshop. ![]() Step 2: Fill The New Document With Black. I'm going to use black as the background for my text effect, which means I'll need to fill the document with black. To do that, go up to the Edit menu at the top of the screen and choose Fill. This brings up the Fill dialog box. Choose Black for the Contents option at the top of the dialog box. Also, make sure the Blending Mode is set to Normal and Opacity is set to 1. Choose Black for the Contents option in the Fill dialog box. Click OK to exit out of the Fill dialog box. Photoshop fills the new document with solid black: The document is now filled with black. Step 3: Add Your Text. Select the Type Tool from the Tools palette, or press the letter T on your keyboard to quickly select it with the shortcut: Select the Type Tool. Once you have the Type Tool selected, the Options Bar at the top of the screen will display options for working with type. Choose the font, font size and text color that you want to use, then click inside the document and add your text. Table of Contents: Create an Adobe ID and Register Photoshop Access Adobe Store Orders Download, Install & Setup Product Activation. Create an Adobe ID and Register. Get access to the latest features of Adobe Premiere Pro CC. Now with virtual reality capability and timesaving shortcuts. Learn how to create a popular punch through image effect with Photoshop as if a person or object has punched a hole right through the page or image! If you want to get a little fancy with your text, you'll find additional options for formatting type, like leading, kerning, tracking, and baseline shift, in Photoshop's Character palette which you can quickly access by clicking on the Character and Paragraph palette toggle icon in the Options Bar: Click the Character and Paragraph palette toggle icon for additional type formatting options. I'm going to be using a photo of some water ripples for my texture, so I'll choose a blue color for my text and type . Here's the image I'll be using: Open the photo you'll be using as the texture. Step 5: Copy The Photo To The Clipboard. We need to copy the image temporarily on to Photoshop's clipboard, which simply means we're copying it to the computer's memory. How to Open NEF Files in Photoshop. The NEF files are the photo files generated with Nikon cameras as RAW photo files. Because RAW files contain information specific. Find great deals on eBay for adobe illustrator cs6 and adobe cs6. Shop with confidence. Usage Statistics for www.gofishing.ru ![]() Go up to the Select menu at the top of the screen and choose All, or press Ctrl+A (Win) / Command+A (Mac) for the faster keyboard shortcut. Either way selects the entire image, and you'll see a selection outline appear around the edges of the photo. Then go up to the Edit menu and choose Copy, or press Ctrl+C (Win) / Command+C (Mac), to copy the image to the clipboard. Step 6: Add A Layer Mask To The Type Layer. With the texture photo now stored temporarily in memory, switch back over to your original document (the one containing the text). Make sure the type layer is highlighted in blue in the Layers palette, which means it's the layer currently selected. Run the Adobe Creative Cloud Cleaner Tool to resolve some Adobe Creative Cloud or Adobe Creative Suite installation issues. New installers for Photoshop CC2017. On Mac you can simply copy piccure+ from the “old” plugins folder to the new. In Windows you can download and run the new. Learn how to easily add a texture to text in Photoshop. Part of our complete collection of Photoshop Text Effects tutorials. Find great deals on eBay for photoshop and photoshop cs6. Shop with confidence. If it's not selected, click on it to select it. Then click on the Layer Mask icon at the bottom of the Layers palette. It won't look like anything has happened in the document, but if you look at the type layer again, you'll see that a white layer mask thumbnail has now appeared: Click on the Layer Mask icon at the bottom of the Layers palette. A layer mask thumbnail will appear on the type layer. Step 7: Paste The Photo Into The Layer Mask. We're going to paste our texture photo directly into the layer mask we just added. Normally, Photoshop doesn't allow us to paste an image into a layer mask, but here's the trick. Hold down your Alt (Win) / Option (Mac) key, then click on the layer mask thumbnail in the Layers palette: Hold down Alt (Win) / Option (Mac) and click directly on the layer mask thumbnail. You'll see your document window fill with solid white. What you're actually seeing is the layer mask itself, which is something we don't normally see when working in Photoshop. With the layer mask now visible inside the document window, go up to the Edit menu and choose Paste, or press Ctrl+V (Win) / Command+V (Mac) to paste the texture photo into the layer mask. To clear the selection outline from around the photo, go up to the Select menu and choose Deselect, or press Ctrl+D (Win) / Command+D (Mac). Since layer masks deal only with black, white and shades of gray, the texture photo will appear black and white inside the layer mask: The texture photo appears in black and white inside the layer mask. With the photo now pasted into the layer mask, once again hold down Alt (Win) / Option (Mac) and click on the layer mask thumbnail in the layer palette: Hold down Alt (Win) / Option (Mac) and click once again on the layer mask thumbnail. This exits us out of the layer mask and returns us to the normal document view mode. You'll see the texture photo now appearing inside the text: The photo now appears inside the text. Step 8: Apply The Threshold Adjustment To The Layer Mask. To make the image inside the text look less like a photo and more like an interesting texture, we'll use Photoshop's Threshold image adjustment. Photoshop allows us to apply some (but not all) of its image adjustments directly to layer masks, and the Threshold adjustment is one of the ones we can use. The Threshold adjustment takes all of the colors (or shades of a gray) in an image and converts them to either black or white, greatly reducing the amount of detail in the image. You should be seeing a white highlight border appearing around the layer mask thumbnail in the Layers palette. This tells us that the layer mask is currently selected. If you don't see the highlight border around the thumbnail, click on it to select it. Then go up to the Image menu at the top of the screen, choose Adjustments, and then choose Threshold: With the layer mask selected in the Layers palette, go to Image > Adjustments > Threshold. This brings up the Threshold dialog box and right away, you'll see a change in the appearance of your text, with some areas of solid color remaining visible and other areas now hidden from view. The actual areas that are hidden will depend entirely on the photo you're using for your texture: Areas of text disappear from view as soon as the Threshold adjustment is selected. You can control how much of an impact the texture photo has on the text by dragging the small slider at the bottom of the Threshold dialog box left or right. Remember, the Threshold adjustment takes everything in the image and converts it to either solid black or solid white, and on a layer mask, which is where the texture photo is sitting, areas of white reveal those parts of the layer while areas of black hide those parts of the layer. As you drag the slider towards the left, more and more of the texture photo will be forced to white by the Threshold adjustment, which means that more and more of the text will become visible. Dragging the slider towards the right will force more of the texture photo to black, which means more of the text will be hidden. Exactly where you drag the slider to will depend entirely on the photo you're using for the texture and the effect you're going for, so you'll definitely want to keep an eye on your text as you drag the slider until you've achieved the result you want. Since my text is almost unreadable at the moment, I'm going to drag my slider quite a ways over to the left to reduce the impact of the texture: Dragging the threshold slider left and right affects how much of the text is hidden from view. With more of my texture photo being forced to white, more of the text is now visible in the document: More of the text is now visible after adjusting the Threshold slider. Step 9: Unlink The Layer Mask From The Text Layer. If you're happy with the results of the effect, you can stop here, but if you want to resize the photo or move it around inside the text, click on the small link icon between the type layer's thumbnail and the layer mask thumbnail. This will unlink the layer mask from the text, allowing us to move our texture photo around in the layer mask without moving the text itself: Click on the link icon to unlink the text from the layer mask, allowing you to move one without moving the other. Step 1. 0: Resize And / Or Move The Texture Photo With Free Transform. With the texture photo on the layer mask and the text no longer bound together, press Ctrl+T (Win) / Command+T (Mac) to bring up Photoshop's Free Transform box and handles around the texture photo. Drag any of the corner handles to resize it. Hold down Shift as you drag the handles to constrain the proportions of the photo if you don't want to distort its shape. Add the Alt (Win) / Option (Mac) key while dragging a handle to resize the photo from its center rather than from the corner. To move the photo around inside the text, simply click anywhere inside the Free Transform box and drag the image with your mouse: Use Free Transform to resize or move the texture photo inside the text as needed. Press Enter (Win) / Return (Mac) to exit out of the Free Transform command and you're done! Here is my final textured photo result: The final textured text effect. Where to go next.. And there we have it! 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Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health Lobo V, Patil A, Phatak A, Chandra NREVIEW ARTICLEFree radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. V Lobo, A Patil, A Phatak, N Chandra. Department of Botany, Birla College, Kalyan - 4. ![]() Maharastra, India. Date of Submission. Mar- 2. 01. 0Date of Decision. Mar- 2. 01. 0Date of Web Publication. Oct- 2. 01. 0Correspondence Address: V Lobo. Department of Botany, Birla College, Kalyan - 4. India. Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None. DOI: 1. 0. 4. 10. In recent years, there has been a great deal of attention toward the field of free radical chemistry. Free radicals reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species are generated by our body by various endogenous systems, exposure to different physiochemical conditions or pathological states. The antioxidative activity of a total of 92 phenolic extracts from edible and nonedible plant materials (berries, fruits, vegetables, herbs, cereals, tree materials. Oriental Journal of Chemistry is a peer reviewed quarterly research journal of pure and applied chemistry. It publishes standard research papers in almost all thrust. A balance between free radicals and antioxidants is necessary for proper physiological function. If free radicals overwhelm the body's ability to regulate them, a condition known as oxidative stress ensues. Free radicals thus adversely alter lipids, proteins, and DNA and trigger a number of human diseases. The online version of Phytochemistry at ScienceDirect.com, the world's leading platform for high quality peer-reviewed full-text journals. Cellular Antioxidant Activity (CAA) Assay for Assessing Antioxidants, Foods, and Dietary Supplements. Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health V Lobo, A Patil, A Phatak, N Chandra Department of Botany, Birla College, Kalyan - 421 304. IJAR is one of the best research paper publication sites. It is a rapid publication journal, journal of scientific and research publications. The re-emergence of natural products for drug discovery in the genomics era. Harvey 1, 2, RuAngelie Edrada-Ebel 2, Ronald J. Quinn 3, Affiliations. Hence application of external source of antioxidants can assist in coping this oxidative stress. Synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole have recently been reported to be dangerous for human health. Thus, the search for effective, nontoxic natural compounds with antioxidative activity has been intensified in recent years. The present review provides a brief overview on oxidative stress mediated cellular damages and role of dietary antioxidants as functional foods in the management of human diseases. Keywords: Ageing, antioxidant, free radicals, oxidative stress. How to cite this article: Lobo V, Patil A, Phatak A, Chandra N. Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Phcog Rev 2. 01. 0; 4: 1. How to cite this URL: Lobo V, Patil A, Phatak A, Chandra N. Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Available from: http: //www. The recent growth in the knowledge of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in biology is producing a medical revolution that promises a new age of health and disease management. Free radicals and antioxidants have become commonly used terms in modern discussions of disease mechanisms. The presence of an unpaired electron results in certain common properties that are shared by most radicals. Many radicals are unstable and highly reactive. They can either donate an electron to or accept an electron from other molecules, therefore behaving as oxidants or reductants. These are highly reactive species, capable in the nucleus, and in the membranes of cells of damaging biologically relevant molecules such as DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Targets of free radicals include all kinds of molecules in the body. Among them, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins are the major targets. Production of free radicals in the human body. Free radicals and other ROS are derived either from normal essential metabolic processes in the human body or from external sources such as exposure to X- rays, ozone, cigarette smoking, air pollutants, and industrial chemicals. Enzymatic reactions, which serve as source of free radicals, include those involved in the respiratory chain, in phagocytosis, in prostaglandin synthesis, and in the cytochrome P- 4. Some internally generated sources of free radicals are . However, superimposed on this common pattern are patterns influenced by genetics and environmental differences that modulate free radical damage. These are manifested as diseases at certain ages determined by genetic and environmental factors. Cancer and atherosclerosis, two major causes of death, are salient . Cancer initiation and promotion is associated with chromosomal defects and oncogene activation. It is possible that endogenous free radical reactions, like those initiated by ionizing radiation, may result in tumor formation. The highly significant correlation between consumption of fats and oils and death rates from leukemia and malignant neoplasia of the breast, ovaries, and rectum among persons over 5. These compounds induce endothelial cell injury and produce changes in the arterial walls. These injured tissues produce increased radical generating enzymes (e. ROS. The initiation, promotion, and progression of cancer, as well as the side- effects of radiation and chemotherapy, have been linked to the imbalance between ROS and the antioxidant defense system. ROS have been implicated in the induction and complications of diabetes mellitus, age- related eye disease, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Oxidative stress is now thought to make a significant contribution to all inflammatory diseases (arthritis, vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, lupus erythematous, adult respiratory diseases syndrome), ischemic diseases (heart diseases, stroke, intestinal ischema), hemochromatosis, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, emphysema, organ transplantation, gastric ulcers, hypertension and preeclampsia, neurological disorder (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, muscular dystrophy), alcoholism, smoking- related diseases, and many others. The oxidative events may affect cardiovascular diseases therefore; it has potential to provide enormous benefits to the health and lifespan. Poly unsaturated fatty acids occur as a major part of the low density lipoproteins (LDL) in blood and oxidation of these lipid components in LDL play a vital role in atherosclerosis. Oxidized LDL is antherogenic and is thought to be important in the formation of anthersclerosis plaques. Furthermore, oxidized LDL is cytotoxic and can directly damage endothelial cells. Antioxidants like B- carotene or vitamin E play a vital role in the prevention of various cardiovascular diseases. Carcinogenesis. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, such as super oxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, and nitric oxide and their biological metabolites also play an important role in carcinogenesis. ROS induce DNA damage, as the reaction of free radicals with DNA includes strand break base modification and DNA protein cross- links. Numerous investigators have proposed participation of free radicals in carcinogenesis, mutation, and transformation; it is clear that their presence in biosystem could lead to mutation, transformation, and ultimately cancer. Induction of mutagenesis, the best known of the biological effect of radiation, occurs mainly through damage of DNA by the HO. Radical and other species are produced by the radiolysis, and also by direct radiation effect on DNA, the reaction effects on DNA. The reaction of HO. Radicals is mainly addition to double bond of pyrimidine bases and abstraction of hydrogen from the sugar moiety resulting in chain reaction of DNA. These effects cause cell mutagenesis and carcinogenesis lipid peroxides are also responsible for the activation of carcinogens. Antioxidants can decrease oxidative stress induced carcinogenesis by a direct scavenging of ROS and/or by inhibiting cell proliferation secondary to the protein phosphorylation. B- carotene may be protective against cancer through its antioxidant function, because oxidative products can cause genetic damage. Thus, the photo protective properties of B- carotene may protect against ultraviolet light induced carcinogenesis. Immunoenhancement of B- carotene may contribute to cancer protection. B- carotene may also have anticarcinogenic effect by altering the liver metabolism effects of carcinogens. Vitamin E, an important antioxidant, plays a role in immunocompetence by increasing humoral antibody protection, resistance to bacterial infections, cell- mediated immunity, the T- lymphocytes tumor necrosis factor production, inhibition of mutagen formation, repair of membranes in DNA, and blocking micro cell line formation. The administration of a mixture of the above three antioxidant reveled the highest reduction in risk of developing cardiac cancer. Free radical and aging. The human body is in constant battle to keep from aging. Research suggests that free radical damage to cells leads to the pathological changes associated with aging. Some of the nutritional antioxidants will retard the aging process and prevent disease. Based on these studies, it appears that increased oxidative stress commonly occurs during the aging process, and antioxidant status may significantly influence the effects of oxidative damage associated with advancing age. Research suggests that free radicals have a significant influence on aging, that free radical damage can be controlled with adequate antioxidant defense, and that optimal intake of antioxidant nutrient may contribute to enhanced quality of life. Recent research indicates that antioxidant may even positively influence life span. Oxidative damage to protein and DNAOxidative damage to protein. Proteins can be oxidatively modified in three ways: oxidative modification of specific amino acid, free radical mediated peptide cleavage, and formation of protein cross- linkage due to reaction with lipid peroxidation products. Protein containing amino acids such as methionine, cystein, arginine, and histidine seem to be the most vulnerable to oxidation. Oxidative damage to protein products may affect the activity of enzymes, receptors, and membrane transport. Oxidatively damaged protein products may contain very reactive groups that may contribute to damage to membrane and many cellular functions. Peroxyl radical is usually considered to be free radical species for the oxidation of proteins. ROS can damage proteins and produce carbonyls and other amino acids modification including formation of methionine sulfoxide and protein carbonyls and other amino acids modification including formation of methionine sulfoxide and protein peroxide. Herbalism - Wikipedia. Herbalism (also herbal medicine or phytotherapy) is the study of botany and use of plants intended for medicinal purposes or for supplementing a diet. Plants have been the basis for medical treatments through much of human history, and such traditional medicine is still widely practiced today. Modern medicine recognizes herbalism as a form of alternative medicine, as the practice of herbalism is not strictly based on evidence gathered using the scientific method. Modern medicine makes use of many plant- derived compounds as the basis for evidence- based pharmaceutical drugs. Although phytotherapy may apply modern standards of effectiveness testing to herbs and medicines derived from natural sources, few high- quality clinical trials and standards for purity or dosage exist. The scope of herbal medicine is sometimes extended to include fungal and bee products, as well as minerals, shells and certain animal parts. Synonyms. Practitioners of herbalism or phytotherapy are referred to as herbalists or phytotherapists. Written evidence of herbal remedies dates back over 5,0. Sumerians, who compiled lists of plants. A number of ancient cultures wrote about plants and their medical uses in books called herbals. In ancient Egypt, herbs are mentioned in Egyptian medical papyri, depicted in tomb illustrations, or on rare occasions found in medical jars containing trace amounts of herbs. Only a few fragments of these works have survived intact, but from what remains scholars have noted a large amount of overlap with the Egyptian herbals. Over a hundred of the 2. Huangdi Neijing, an early Chinese medical text, are herbs. AD) of Anazarbus, Cilicia, a Greek physician, pharmacologist and botanist, is a particularly important example of herbal writing; it dominated for some 1. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 2. United States have been derived from plants. Preclinical studies (cell culture and animal studies) were reported for about one- half of the plant products, while 1. Western market, had . Strong evidence was found that 5 were toxic or allergenic, so that their use ought to be discouraged or forbidden. Nine plants with evidence of therapeutic effect included Althaea officinalis, Calendula officinalis, Centella asiatica, Echinacea purpurea, Passiflora incarnata, Punica granatum, Vaccinium macrocarpon, Vaccinium myrtillus, and Valeriana officinalis. The survey was limited to adults, aged 1. United States. According to this survey, herbal therapy, or use of natural products other than vitamins and minerals, was the most commonly used CAM therapy (1. In Germany, herbal medications are dispensed by apothecaries (e. Apotheke). Prescription drugs are sold alongside essential oils, herbal extracts, or herbal teas. Herbal remedies are seen by some as a treatment to be preferred to pure medical compounds that have been industrially produced. The National Medicinal Plants Board was also established in 2. Indian government in order to deal with the herbal medical system. One is the ratio of raw materials to solvent. However different specimens of even the same plant species may vary in chemical content. For this reason, thin layer chromatography is sometimes used by growers to assess the content of their products before use. Another method is standardization on a signal chemical. Infusions are hot water extracts of herbs, such as chamomile or mint, through steeping. Decoctions are the long- term boiled extracts, usually of harder substances like roots or bark. Maceration is the old infusion of plants with high mucilage- content, such as sage, thyme, etc. To make macerates, plants are chopped and added to cold water. They are then left to stand for 7 to 1. For most macerates 1. A completed tincture has an ethanol percentage of at least 2. Liquid extracts are liquids with a lower ethanol percentage than tinctures. They are usually made by vacuum distilling tinctures. Dry extracts are extracts of plant material that are evaporated into a dry mass. They can then be further refined to a capsule or tablet. A tea will be rich in polar components because water is a polar solvent. Oil on the other hand is a non- polar solvent and it will absorb non- polar compounds. Alcohol lies somewhere in between. Essential oil extracts can be applied to the skin, usually diluted in a carrier oil. Many essential oils can burn the skin or are simply too high dose used straight; diluting them in olive oil or another food grade oil such as almond oil can allow these to be used safely as a topical. Salves, oils, balms, creams and lotions are other forms of topical delivery mechanisms. Most topical applications are oil extractions of herbs. Taking a food grade oil and soaking herbs in it for anywhere from weeks to months allows certain phytochemicals to be extracted into the oil. This oil can then be made into salves, creams, lotions, or simply used as an oil for topical application. Many massage oils, antibacterial salves, and wound healing compounds are made this way. Herbal remedies can also be dangerously contaminated, and herbal medicines without established efficacy, may unknowingly be used to replace medicines that do have corroborated efficacy. Examples of highly toxic herbs include poison hemlock and nightshade. A case of major potassium depletion has been attributed to chronic licorice ingestion.. Black cohosh has been implicated in a case of liver failure. John's wort, Khat, Betel nut, the restricted herb Ephedra, and Guarana. Some herbs may amplify the effects of anticoagulants. One bottle labeled as St. John's Wort was found to actually contain Alexandrian senna, a laxative. Out of 1. 21 products, only 1. TGA listing and packaging. Similarly, traditional Ayurvedic herbalist: one who is trained or skilled in the dispensing of herbal prescriptions in the Ayurvedic tradition. One trained or skilled in the therapeutic use of medicinal plants. One who is skilled in the preparation/manufacture of dried and/or liquid herbal products who possesses a pharmacognostic, formulary and/or clinical understanding of the products being prepared/manufactured. Herbalists must learn many skills, including the wildcrafting or cultivation of herbs, diagnosis and treatment of conditions or dispensing herbal medication, and preparations of herbal medications. Education of herbalists varies considerably in different areas of the world. Lay herbalists and traditional indigenous medicine people generally rely upon apprenticeship and recognition from their communities in lieu of formal schooling. For example, in Australia the currently self- regulated status of the profession (as of April 2. The National Herbalists Association of Australia is generally recognised as having the most rigorous professional standard within Australia. For example, Bachelor of Science degrees in herbal medicine are offered at Universities such as University of East London, Middlesex University, University of Central Lancashire, University of Westminster, University of Lincoln and Napier University in Edinburgh at the present. The Cannabis plant is used as an herbal medicine, and as such is legal in some parts of the world. Since 2. 00. 4, the sales of ephedra as a dietary supplement is prohibited in the United States by the FDA. Phytotherapy is regarded by some as traditional medicine. One idea is that the yin- yang balance, at least with regard to herbs, corresponds to the pro- oxidant and anti- oxidant balance. This interpretation is supported by several investigations of the ORAC ratings of various yin and yang herbs. Over 3. 37 species of medicinal plants have been documented by C. P. Those are used by Amchis, the practitioners of this medical system. The Siddha system is entirely in the Tamil language. It contains roughly 3. This work includes herbal, mineral and metallic compositions used as medicine. Ayurveda is in Sanskrit, but Sanskrit was not generally used as a mother tongue and hence its medicines are mostly taken from Siddha and other local traditions. Jamu is thought to have originated in the Mataram Kingdom era, some 1. The Madhawapura inscription from Majapahit period mentioned a specific profession of herbs mixer and combiner (herbalist), called Acaraki. Indonesians might experimented and figure out the medicinal uses of these native herbal plants. Jamu may vary from region to region, and often not written down, especially in remote areas of the country. Neither frame of reference provides an unobstructed view of health and illness. Each is incomplete and in need of refinement. The magical/shamanic—Almost all societies, with the exception of cultures influenced by Western- style industrialization, recognize this kind of use. The practitioner is regarded as endowed with gifts or powers that allow him/her to use herbs in a way that is hidden from the average person, and the herbs are said to affect the spirit or soul of the person. The energetic—This approach includes the major systems of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ayurveda, and Unani. Herbs are regarded as having actions in terms of their energies and affecting the energies of the body. The practitioner may have extensive training, and ideally be sensitive to energy, but need not have supernatural powers. The functional dynamic—This approach was used by early physiomedical practitioners, whose doctrine forms the basis of contemporary practice in the UK. Herbs have a functional action, which is not necessarily linked to a physical compound, although often to a physiological function, but there is no explicit recourse to concepts involving energy. The chemical—Modern practitioners – called Phytotherapists – attempt to explain herb actions in terms of their chemical constituents. It is generally assumed that the specific combination of secondary metabolites in the plant are responsible for the activity claimed or demonstrated, a concept called synergy. Herbalists tend to use extracts from parts of plants, such as the roots or leaves but not isolate particular phytochemicals. |
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